【11408学习记录】英语写作黄金模板+语法全解:用FTC数据泄漏案掌握书信结构与长难句拆解(附思维导图)
2025.04.04
- 英语
- 写作
- 书信写作
- 第一段
- 私人信件
- 公务信函
- 语法总结——简单句
- 简单句的核心:
- 谓语动词的变化
- 词性的拓展
- 限定词
- 形容词与副词
- 介词短语
- 成分的扩展
- 同位语
- 插入语
- 非谓语动词
- 每日一句
- 词汇
- 第一步:辨别
- 第二步:断开
- 第三步:简化
英语
写作
书信写作
写作框架:
第一段
私人信件
去信
- 问候: I hope this letter/email finds you well.
- 欢迎 + 问候:Welcome to ……, and I hope this letter/email finds you well/ reaches you in good health.
回信
- 普通:Thank you for your kind letter/email, in which you mentioned that…
- 好/坏事:I was truly delighted/saddened to hear that…
表明目的
The purpose of this letter/email is to…
公务信函
I hope this letter/email finds you well. I, an ordinary consumer/ a senior student(个人名义)/on behalf of ……(集体/机构名义), am writing this letter/email to ……
语法总结——简单句
简单句的核心:
主语 + 谓语 + ……
- 主谓
- 主谓宾
- 主谓宾宾
- 主谓宾补
- 主系表
谓语动词的变化
时态
四种时间:过去将来,过去,现在,将来
四种状态:一般,进行,完成,完成进行
一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
过去将来 | would do was/were going to do | - | - | - |
过去 | did | was/were doing | had done | had been doing |
现在 | do/dose | am/is/are doing | have/has done | have/has been doing |
将来 | will do am/is/are going to do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
情态
情态动词 + do
- 情态动词:
- must: 必须
- can/could: 能够/可以
- will/would: 愿意/将要(表示将要时用于将来时态)
- may/might: 可以/可能
- should: 应该
语态
主动语态:主语是谓语动词的发出者—— I eat an apple
被动语态:主语是谓语动词的承受者—— An apple is eaten
被动语态:be + done(过去分词)
在被动语态中,时态通过be动词表现,如:
- 一般现在时:am/is/are done
- 一般过去时:was/were done
- 一般将来时:will be done / am/is/are going to be done
否定
助动词 + not表否定:
- do/does/did not do
be动词、情态动词、完成时态中的have/has/had 直接加not变否定:
- am/is/are/was/were not
- must/can/could/will/would/may/might/should not
- have/has/had not
强调
助动词 + 动词原型:do/does/did do
词性的拓展
限定词
冠词、数词、名词所有格……
形容词与副词
-
形容词:
- 作定语:修饰名词,放在名词前后
- 作表语:补充说明主语,位于系动词后
-
副词:
- 修饰动词:放在动词前后
- 频率副词(总是、经常、通常)多放在动词前
- 否定副词"不"必须在动词前
- 修饰句子:放在句子前或句中,通常用逗号隔开
- 语气副词(也许、大概)可灵活出现在句首或句中
- 并非所有句首副词都需要逗号,如时间副词常不加
- 修饰形容词和其他副词:放在形容词和其他副词前后
- 程度副词"够"需后置
- 多副词连用时,顺序一般为:程度→方式→地点→时间
- 修饰动词:放在动词前后
-
形容词与副词比较级:
- 原级比较:as + 比较内容 + as + 比较对象
- 比较级:adj/adv比较级 + than + 比较对象
- 最高级:adj/adv最高级 + 介词短语表示比较范围
介词短语
介词后通常接名词、代词(宾格)、动名词(doing)来构成介词短语。
介词短语又叫介宾短语,后接的成分作宾语。
- 表时间介词
- at/on/in
- before/after
- from, since
- by, until
- for
- during
- 表示地点或范围的介词
- at/in
- on, above, over/under, below, beneath
- in front of/behind
- near/by, beside, next to
- between, among
- around
- into/out of
- onto/off
- across, through/past
- along
- from/to, towards
- beyond
- within
- 其它用法
- of:……的……(a of b翻译为b的a)
- about:关于……
- with/without:伴随着有……/没有……
- for:
- 为了……(表目的)
- 因为……(表原因)
- 对于……(表对象)
- by
- 通过……方式或方法
- 被……做(被动语态 + by + 动作发出者)
- 相差了……(表变化差额)
- as
- 作为……
- 像……一样,如同……
- like
- 像……一样
- 例如,比如
- despite,in spite of:尽管……
成分的扩展
同位语
用来解释说明名词,放在名词后
插入语
用来补充说明句子
非谓语动词
非谓语动词有三种:doing/to do/done
- 做主语、宾语、表语:doing/to do
- 做定语、状语:
- doing 表主动
- to do 表目的
- done 表被动
非谓语动词作定语时修饰名词;做状语时修饰动词/句子。
每日一句
Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.(2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
词汇
meanwhile: adv.与此同时
theft: n.盗窃,偷
credit-card: 信用卡
account: n.账户
disclose: v.披露,公开
overshadow: v.使大丢脸面,使扫兴;使蒙上阴影
put sb. on notice: 警告某人,警示某人
corporate: n.公司
regulator: n.监管机构,监管者
regulate: v.规定,监管,管理;调节,校准
regulation: n.管理,规则;校准
adequate: adj.充分的,足够的;适当的
adequately: adv.充分地,足够地;适当地
第一步:辨别
分裂结构
Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
这里有一处插入式分裂结构,去掉该部分还原句子:
Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
第二步:断开
根据引导词断开句子:
- Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- that puts corporate America on notice —— that 引导从句
- that regulators will act —— that 引导从句
- if firms fail to provide adequate data security. —— if引导从句
找谓语动词,是否还能继续断开:
- Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- that puts corporate America on notice
- that regulators will act
- if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
四句话,四个谓语动词,已经不需要继续断开了;
第三步:简化
去拓展:形容词、副词、介词短语、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词(作定语、状语)、冠词……
找核心:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语。
- …… theft …… overshadowed …… decision …… —— ……盗窃使……决定蒙上阴影
- that puts corporate …… on notice —— 它使公司……被通知
- that regulators will act —— 监管者将会行动
- if firms fail to provide …… security —— 如果公司没有提供……安全