.Net WebAPI（一）

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项目地址

• 教程作者：
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• 代码仓库地址：

• 所用到的框架和插件：

webapi

一、WebAPI基础

1. 项目初始化

1. 创建一个一个项目文件夹,并且在控制台输入

dotnew webapi -n Restaurants.API --noopenapi -controllers

2. 但是此时的项目是没有sln文件的，创建sln文件，但是这时候打开vs显示的是空项目

dotnet new sln

3. 将项目添加到vs里

 dotnet sln add ./Restaurants.API

1.1 创建简单的API

• 在program.cs里使用routing中间件配置路由

1.1.1 get请求

• 获取所有的shirts

app.MapGet("/shirts", () =>
{return "Reading all the shirts";
});

• 根据ID获取一个

//2.get shirt by id 
app.MapGet("/shirts/{id}", (int id) =>
{return $"Reading shirt with ID: {id}";
});

1.1.2 post请求

app.MapPost("/shirts", () =>
{return "Creating a new shirt.";
});

1.1.3 put请求

更新

app.MapPut("/shirts/{id}", (int id) =>
{return $"Updating shirt with ID: {id}";
});

1.1.4 Delete请求

删除

app.MapDelete("/shirts/{id}", (int id) =>
{return $"Deleting shirt with ID: {id}";
});

1.2 webapi的流程

2.Controllers

2.1 创建一个shirts的Controller

• 创建Controllers文件夹，在该文件夹下创建ShirtsController.cs文件

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;namespace WebAPIDemo.Controllers
{[ApiController]public class ShirtsController : ControllerBase{public string GetShirts(){return "Reading all the shirts";   }public string GetShirtById(int id){return $"Reading shirt with ID: {id}";}public string CreateShirt(){return "Creating a new shirt.";}public string UpdateShirt() {return "Updating shirt with ID: {id}";}public string DeleteShirt(int id){return $"Deleting shirt with ID: {id}";}}
}

3. Routing

3.1 使用和创建MapControllers

1. 在Program.cs里添加rout的中间件

2. 在Controller里，直接使用特性标记routing

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;namespace WebAPIDemo.Controllers
{[ApiController]public class ShirtsController : ControllerBase{[HttpGet("/shirts")]public string GetShirts(){return "Reading all the shirts";   }[HttpGet("/shirts/{id}")]public string GetShirtById(int id){return $"Reading shirt with ID: {id}";}[HttpPost("/shirts")]public string CreateShirt(){return "Creating a new shirt.";}[HttpPut("/shirts/{id}")]public string UpdateShirt() {return "Updating shirt with ID: {id}";}[HttpDelete("/shirts/{id}")]public string DeleteShirt(int id){return $"Deleting shirt with ID: {id}";}}
}

3.2 使用Routing的模板语言

1. 在上面我们给每个Controller都使用一个路由，这样代码冗余，我们可以使用模板来指定rout；

• 这样我们可以直接用过https://localhost:7232/shirts 进行访问shirts就是控制器的名称

2. 如果我们想通过https://localhost:7232/api/shirts进行访问的话，修改模板routing

4. Mould Binding

将Http request和 Controller里的 parameter绑定起来

4.1 指定数据的来源

4.1.1 给Request请求添加

1. FromRoute

• 指定这个参数必须是从https://localhost:7232/api/shirts/2/red从路由里来，如果不是，则报错

[HttpGet("{id}/{color}")]
public string GetShirtById(int id,[FromRoute]string color)
{return $"Reading shirt with ID: {id},color is {color}";
}

2. FromQuery

• 必须通过QueryString的形式提供：https://localhost:7232/api/shirts/2?color=red

 [HttpGet("{id}/{color}")]public string GetShirtById(int id,[FromQuery]string color){return $"Reading shirt with ID: {id},color is {color}";}

3. FromHeader

• 必须通过请求头来传递，且Key是Name

[HttpGet("{id}/{color}")]
public string GetShirtById(int id,[FromHeader(Name="color")]string color)
{return $"Reading shirt with ID: {id},color is {color}";
}

4.1.2 给Post请求添加

• 在webapp里创建一个新的文件夹Models，并且添加一个Shirts,cs类

namespace WebAPIDemo.Models
{public class Shirt{public int ShirtId { get; set; }public string? Brand { get; set; }   public string? Color { get; set; }public int Size { get; set; }public string? Gender { get; set; }public double Price { get; set; }}
}

1. FromBody

• 从请求体里来

[HttpPost]
public string CreateShirt([FromBody]Shirt shirt)
{return "Creating a new shirt.";
}

2. FromForm

• 通过表格形式传递

[HttpPost]
public string CreateShirt([FromForm]Shirt shirt)
{return "Creating a new shirt.";
}

5. Mould Validation

5.1 添加Model Validation

• 在Models/Shirts.cs类里添加验证，如果没有给出必须的参数，请求会报错400

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;namespace WebAPIDemo.Models
{public class Shirt{[Required]public int ShirtId { get; set; }[Required]public string? Brand { get; set; }   public string? Color { get; set; }public int Size { get; set; }[Required]public string? Gender { get; set; }public double Price { get; set; }}
}

5.2 添加自定义的Validation

1. 在Models文件夹里，添加Validations文件夹，并且添加文件Shirt_EnsureCorrectSizingAttribute.cs

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using WebAPIDemo.Models;namespace WebApp.Models.Validations
{public class Shirt_EnsureCorrectSizingAttribute : ValidationAttribute{protected override ValidationResult? IsValid(object? value, ValidationContext validationContext){var shirt = validationContext.ObjectInstance as Shirt;if (shirt != null && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(shirt.Gender)){if (shirt.Gender.Equals("men", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && shirt.Size < 8){return new ValidationResult("For men's shirts, the size has to be greater or equal to 8.");}else if (shirt.Gender.Equals("women", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && shirt.Size < 6){return new ValidationResult("For women's shirts, the size has to be greater or equal to 6.");}}return ValidationResult.Success;}}
}

2. 我们验证的是Size，所以在Model里的Size添加我们自定义的Attribute

[Shirt_EnsureCorrectSizing]
public int Size { get; set; }

6. WebApi Return Types

6.1 直接返回对象

• 创建一个List，存放所有的Shirt实例，返回一个Shirt类型
  
• 通过id访问https://localhost:7232/api/shirts/1， 返回一个json

{shirtId: 1,brand: "My Brand",color: "Blue",size: 10,gender: "Men",price: 30
}

6.2 返回多类型

• 如果返回多类型，就不能指定具体返回的类型，需要返回一个IActionResult

[HttpGet("{id}")]
public IActionResult GetShirtById(int id)
{if (id <= 0){return BadRequest("Invalid shirt ID");}var shirt = shirts.FirstOrDefault(x => x.ShirtId == id);if( shirt == null){return NotFound();}return Ok(shirt);
}

7. Action filter

• 使用Action filter进行data validation

7.1 创建filter

1. 创建Filters文件夹，并且创建Shirt_ValidateShirtId.cs类，并且添加对ShortId的验证

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters;
using WebAPIDemo.Models.Repositories;namespace WebAPIDemo.Filters
{public class Shirt_ValidateShirtIdFilterAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute{public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context){base.OnActionExecuting(context);var shirtId = context.ActionArguments["id"] as int?;if (shirtId.HasValue){if (shirtId.Value <= 0){context.ModelState.AddModelError("ShirtId", "ShirtId is invalid.");var problemDetails = new ValidationProblemDetails(context.ModelState){Status = StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest};context.Result = new BadRequestObjectResult(problemDetails);}else if (!ShirtRepository.ShirtExists(shirtId.Value)){context.ModelState.AddModelError("ShirtId", "Shirt doesn't exist.");var problemDetails = new ValidationProblemDetails(context.ModelState){Status = StatusCodes.Status404NotFound};context.Result = new NotFoundObjectResult(problemDetails);}}}}
}

2. 使用添加的filter，对 id进行验证

[HttpGet("{id}")]
[Shirt_ValidateShirtIdFilter]
public IActionResult GetShirtById(int id)
{return Ok(ShirtRepository.GetShirtById(id));
}