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网络管理利器：掌握常用的CMD命令

news 2024/11/16 3:51:29

引言

在日常的网络管理和故障排查中，CMD（命令提示符）是一个非常强大的工具。通过使用一些常用的网络命令，你可以轻松地进行网络诊断、配置和监控。本文将详细介绍一些常用的网络CMD命令，并通过示例说明它们的用法。

常用的网络CMD命令

1. `ping`

用途：测试网络连接和延迟。语法：ping <目标IP地址或域名>

示例：

ping www.google.com

输出：

Pinging www.google.com [172.217.16.46] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 172.217.16.46: bytes=32 time=24ms TTL=55
Reply from 172.217.16.46: bytes=32 time=23ms TTL=55
Reply from 172.217.16.46: bytes=32 time=22ms TTL=55
Reply from 172.217.16.46: bytes=32 time=24ms TTL=55Ping statistics for 172.217.16.46:Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:Minimum = 22ms, Maximum = 24ms, Average = 23ms

2. `ipconfig`

用途：显示和配置网络接口的详细信息。语法：ipconfig [参数]

常用参数：

/all：显示所有网络适配器的详细信息。
/release：释放指定适配器的IP地址。
/renew：更新指定适配器的IP地址。

示例：

ipconfig /all

输出：

Windows IP ConfigurationHost Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : DESKTOP-PCPrimary Dns Suffix  . . . . . . . :Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : HybridIP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : NoWINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : NoDNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : homeEthernet adapter Ethernet:Connection-specific DNS Suffix  . : homeDescription . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek PCIe GBE Family ControllerPhysical Address. . . . . . . . . : 1A-2B-3C-4D-5E-6FDHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : YesAutoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : YesLink-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::1a2b:3c4d:5e6f%11(Preferred)IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.100(Preferred)Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Tuesday, October 10, 2023 10:00:00 AMLease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Wednesday, October 11, 2023 10:00:00 AMDefault Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 12345678DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-23-45-67-89-AB-CD-EF-01DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 8.8.8.88.8.4.4NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled

3. `tracert`

用途：跟踪数据包从本地计算机到目标主机所经过的路由。语法：tracert <目标IP地址或域名>

示例：

tracert www.google.com

输出：

Tracing route to www.google.com [172.217.16.46]
over a maximum of 30 hops:1     1 ms     1 ms     1 ms  192.168.1.12     2 ms     2 ms     2 ms  10.0.0.13     3 ms     3 ms     3 ms  192.168.0.14     4 ms     4 ms     4 ms  10.0.0.25     5 ms     5 ms     5 ms  192.168.0.26     6 ms     6 ms     6 ms  10.0.0.37     7 ms     7 ms     7 ms  192.168.0.38     8 ms     8 ms     8 ms  10.0.0.49     9 ms     9 ms     9 ms  192.168.0.410    10 ms    10 ms    10 ms  10.0.0.511    11 ms    11 ms    11 ms  192.168.0.512    12 ms    12 ms    12 ms  10.0.0.613    13 ms    13 ms    13 ms  192.168.0.614    14 ms    14 ms    14 ms  10.0.0.715    15 ms    15 ms    15 ms  192.168.0.716    16 ms    16 ms    16 ms  10.0.0.817    17 ms    17 ms    17 ms  192.168.0.818    18 ms    18 ms    18 ms  10.0.0.919    19 ms    19 ms    19 ms  192.168.0.920    20 ms    20 ms    20 ms  10.0.0.1021    21 ms    21 ms    21 ms  192.168.0.1022    22 ms    22 ms    22 ms  10.0.0.1123    23 ms    23 ms    23 ms  192.168.0.1124    24 ms    24 ms    24 ms  10.0.0.1225    25 ms    25 ms    25 ms  192.168.0.1226    26 ms    26 ms    26 ms  10.0.0.1327    27 ms    27 ms    27 ms  192.168.0.1328    28 ms    28 ms    28 ms  10.0.0.1429    29 ms    29 ms    29 ms  192.168.0.1430    30 ms    30 ms    30 ms  10.0.0.15Trace complete.

4. `nslookup`

用途：查询DNS以获取域名或IP地址的相关信息。语法：nslookup <目标IP地址或域名>

示例：

nslookup www.google.com

输出：

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:    www.google.com
Addresses:  2607:f8b0:4002:801::200e172.217.16.46

5. `netstat`

用途：显示网络连接、路由表、接口统计等信息。语法：netstat [参数]

常用参数：

-a：显示所有连接和监听端口。
-n：显示数字形式的地址和端口号。
-r：显示路由表。

示例：

netstat -an

输出：

Active ConnectionsProto  Local Address          Foreign Address        StateTCP    0.0.0.0:135            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    0.0.0.0:445            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    0.0.0.0:139            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    0.0.0.0:80             0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    0.0.0.0:443            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    192.168.1.100:139      0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    192.168.1.100:445      0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    192.168.1.100:135      0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    192.168.1.100:80       0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGTCP    192.168.1.100:443      0.0.0.0:0              LISTENINGUDP    0.0.0.0:137            *:*UDP    0.0.0.0:138            *:*UDP    0.0.0.0:500            *:*UDP    0.0.0.0:1900           *:*UDP    192.168.1.100:137      *:*UDP    192.168.1.100:138      *:*UDP    192.168.1.100:500      *:*UDP    192.168.1.100:1900     *:*

6. `route`

用途：查看和修改IP路由表。语法：route [参数]

常用参数：

print：显示当前的路由表。
add：添加新的路由。
delete：删除现有的路由。

示例：

1route print

输出：

===========================================================================
Interface List12...00 15 5d 00 00 00 ......Intel(R) 82579LM Gigabit Network Connection1...........................Software Loopback Interface 1
===========================================================================IPv4 Route Table
===========================================================================
Active Routes:
Network Destination        Netmask          Gateway       Interface  Metric0.0.0.0          0.0.0.0      192.168.1.1    192.168.1.100     25127.0.0.0        255.0.0.0         On-link         127.0.0.1    306127.0.0.1  255.255.255.255         On-link         127.0.0.1    306127.255.255.255  255.255.255.255         On-link         127.0.0.1    306192.168.1.0    255.255.255.0         On-link     192.168.1.100    281192.168.1.100  255.255.255.255         On-link     192.168.1.100    281192.168.1.255  255.255.255.255         On-link     192.168.1.100    281224.0.0.0        240.0.0.0         On-link         127.0.0.1    306224.0.0.0        240.0.0.0         On-link     192.168.1.100    281255.255.255.255  255.255.255.255         On-link         127.0.0.1    306255.255.255.255  255.255.255.255         On-link     192.168.1.100    281
===========================================================================
Persistent Routes:None

7. `telnet`

用途：用于远程登录到其他计算机。语法：telnet <目标IP地址或域名> <端口号>

示例：

telnet www.google.com 80

输出：

Trying 172.217.16.46...
Connected to google.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.google.comHTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 10:00:00 GMT
Expires: -1
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
Server: gws
X-XSS-Protection: 0
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2023-10-10-10; expires=Wed, 09-Nov-2023 10:00:00 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; Secure
Set-Cookie: NID=20231010100000; expires=Wed, 09-Nov-2023 10:00:00 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
Accept-Ranges: none
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Transfer-Encoding: chunked<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en"><head><meta content="Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for." name="description"><meta content="noodp" name="robots"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script nonce="...">...</script></head><body><div id="lga"></div><div id="mngb"></div><div id="main"><div id="cnt"><div id="rcnt"><div class="med card-section" id="center_col"><div class="logo-hp" id="logocont"><a href="/"><img alt="Google" aria-label="Google" id="hplogo" src="//www.google.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_272x92dp.png" style="height: 92px; width: 272px;"></a></div><form action="/search" aria-label="Search" method="GET" role="search"><input aria-label="Search" autocomplete="off" maxlength="2048" name="q" title="Search" type="text" value=""><div class="sfib"><input aria-label="Google Search" name="btnK" type="submit" value="Google Search"><input aria-label="I'm Feeling Lucky" name="btnI" type="submit" value="I'm Feeling Lucky"></div></form></div></div></div></div></body></html>
Connection to host lost.

8. `ftp`

用途：用于文件传输协议（FTP）客户端，上传和下载文件。语法：ftp <目标IP地址或域名>

示例：

ftp ftp.example.com

输出：

Connected to ftp.example.com.(vsFTPd 3.0.11)
Name (ftp.example.com:username): userPlease specify the password.
Password:
Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls
Entering Passive Mode (192,168,1,1,192,168).
Here comes the directory listing.
drwxr-xr-x    2 0        0            4096 Sep 25 12:00 pub
Directory send OK.
ftp> get file.txt
local: file.txt remote: file.txtEntering Passive Mode (192,168,1,1,192,168).Opening BINARY mode data connection for file.txt (1024 bytes).Transfer complete.
1024 bytes received in 0.00 secs (1.00 MB/s)
ftp> quitGoodbye.

9. `netsh`

用途：配置和显示网络设置。语法：netsh [参数]

常用参数：

interface ip show config：显示IP配置信息。
interface ip set address "本地连接" static 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 1：设置静态IP地址。
interface ip set dns "本地连接" static 8.8.8.8：设置DNS服务器。

示例：

netsh interface ip show config

输出：

Configuration for interface "以太网"DHCP enabled:                         YesIP Address:                           192.168.1.100Subnet Prefix:                        192.168.1.0/24 (mask 255.255.255.0)InterfaceMetric:                      25Type:                                 DedicatedDNS servers configured through DHCP:  8.8.8.8Register with which suffix:           Primary onlyWINS servers configured through DHCP: None

10. `arp`

用途：显示和修改ARP（地址解析协议）缓存。语法：arp [参数]

常用参数：

-a：显示ARP缓存表。
-d <IP地址>：删除指定IP地址的ARP条目。
-s <IP地址> <MAC地址>：添加静态ARP条目。

示例：

1arp -a

输出：

Interface: 192.168.1.100 --- 0x1Internet Address      Physical Address      Type192.168.1.1           00-1A-2B-3C-4D-5E     dynamic192.168.1.2           00-67-89-AB-CD-EF     dynamic

11. `nbtstat`

用途：显示NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) 统计数据。语法：nbtstat [参数]

常用参数：

-a <IP地址>：显示远程计算机的NetBIOS名称表。
-c：显示NetBIOS名称缓存的内容。
-n：列出本地NetBIOS名称。

示例：

nbtstat -a 192.168.1.1

输出：

Node IpAddress: [192.168.1.1] Scope Id: []
NetBIOS Remote Machine Name Table
Name               Type         Status
------------------------------------------------------------
WORKGROUP          <00> UNIQUE  Registered
WORKGROUP          <1D> UNIQUE  Registered
DESKTOP-PC         <00> GROUP   Registered
DESKTOP-PC         <1D> UNIQUE  Registered
DESKTOP-PC         <1C> GROUP   Registered
DESKTOP-PC         <20> UNIQUE  Registered
..__MSBROWSE__.    <01> GROUP   Registered

12. `hostname`

用途：显示或设置主机名。语法：hostname [参数]

常用参数：

hostname：显示当前主机名。
hostname <新主机名>：设置新的主机名（需要管理员权限）。

示例：

hostname

输出：

DESKTOP-PC

13. `systeminfo`

用途：显示系统详细信息，包括网络配置。语法：systeminfo

示例：

systeminfo

输出：

Host Name:                 DESKTOP-PC
OS Name:                   Microsoft Windows 10 Pro
OS Version:                10.0.19041 N/A Build 19041
OS Manufacturer:           Microsoft Corporation
OS Configuration:          Standalone Workstation
OS Build Type:             Multiprocessor Free
Registered Owner:          User
Registered Organization:
Product ID:                00330-80000-00000-AA875
Original Install Date:     10/01/2023, 12:00:00 PM
System Boot Time:          10/10/2023, 10:00:00 AM
System Manufacturer:       Dell Inc.
System Model:              Inspiron 3670
System Type:               x64-based PC
Processor(s):              1 Processor(s) Installed.[01]: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz
BIOS Version:              Dell Inc. A10, 07/01/2020
Windows Directory:         C:\Windows
System Directory:          C:\Windows\system32
Boot Device:               \Device\HarddiskVolume1
System Locale:             en-us;English (United States)
Input Locale:              en-us;English (United States)
Time Zone:                 (UTC+08:00) Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Urumqi
Total Physical Memory:     16,384 MB
Available Physical Memory: 12,345 MB
Virtual Memory: Max Size:  20,480 MB
Virtual Memory: Available: 15,678 MB
Virtual Memory: In Use:    4,802 MB
Page File Location(s):     C:\pagefile.sys
Domain:                    WORKGROUP
Logon Server:              \\DESKTOP-PC
Hotfix(s):                 3 Hotfix(s) Installed.[01]: KB4567890[02]: KB1234567[03]: KB7654321
Network Card(s):           1 NIC(s) Installed.[01]: Realtek PCIe GBE Family ControllerConnection Name: EthernetDHCP Enabled:    YesIP address(es)[01]: 192.168.1.100[02]: fe80::1a2b:3c4d:5e6f%11[03]: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
Hyper-V Requirements:      A hypervisor has been detected. Features required for Hyper-V will not be displayed.

14. `ipconfig /flushdns`

用途：清除DNS缓存。语法：ipconfig /flushdns

示例：

ipconfig /flushdns

输出：

Windows IP ConfigurationSuccessfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.

15. `tasklist`

用途：显示当前运行的任务列表。语法：tasklist [参数]

常用参数：

/S <远程计算机名>：指定要连接的远程计算机。
/U <用户名>：使用指定的用户名连接到远程计算机。
/P <密码>：使用指定的密码连接到远程计算机。

示例：

tasklist

输出：

Image Name                     PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
========================= ======== ================ =========== ============
System Idle Process              0 Services                   0         8 K
System                           4 Services                   0      2,432 K
smss.exe                       488 Services                   0      1,168 K
csrss.exe                      576 Services                   0      5,056 K
wininit.exe                    600 Services                   0      1,200 K
services.exe                   612 Services                   0      2,600 K
lsass.exe                      628 Services                   0      1,800 K
svchost.exe                    640 Services                   0      1,840 K
svchost.exe                    700 Services                   0      1,880 K
svchost.exe                    724 Services                   0      1,920 K
...