RabbitMQ交换机类型

1、RabbitMQ工作模型

• broker 相当于mysql服务器；
• virtual host相当于数据库（可以有多个数据库）；
• queue相当于表；
• 消息相当于记录。

消息队列有三个核心要素： 消息生产者、消息队列、消息消费者；
生产者（Producer）：发送消息的应用；（java程序，也可能是别的语言写的程序）
消费者（Consumer）：接收消息的应用；（java程序，也可能是别的语言写的程序）
代理（Broker）：就是消息服务器，RabbitMQ Server就是Message Broker；
连接（Connection）：连接RabbitMQ服务器的TCP长连接；
信道（Channel）：连接中的一个虚拟通道，消息队列发送或者接收消息时，都是通过信道进行的；
虚拟主机（Virtual host）：一个虚拟分组，在代码中就是一个字符串，当多个不同的用户使用同一个RabbitMQ服务时，可以划分出多个Virtual host，每个用户在自己的Virtual host创建exchange/queue等；（分类比较清晰、相互隔离）
交换机（Exchange）：交换机负责从生产者接收消息，并根据交换机类型分发到对应的消息队列中，起到一个路由的作用；
路由键（Routing Key）：交换机根据路由键来决定消息分发到哪个队列，路由键是消息的目的地址；
绑定（Binding）：绑定是队列和交换机的一个关联连接（关联关系）；
队列（Queue）：存储消息的缓存；
消息（Message）：由生产者通过RabbitMQ发送给消费者的信息；（消息可以任何数据，字符串、user对象，json串等等）

2、RabbitMQ交换机类型

Exchange（X） 可翻译成交换机/交换器/路由器

• Fanout Exchange（扇形）
• Direct Exchange（直连）
• Topic Exchange（主题）
• Headers Exchange（头部）

2.1、Fanout Exchange（扇形）

2.1.1、介绍

Fanout 扇形的，散开的； 扇形交换机
投递到所有绑定的队列，不需要路由键，不需要进行路由键的匹配，相当于广播、群发；

2.1.2、示例

2.1.2.1、生产者

1、配置类

package com.power.config;import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.FanoutExchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration
public class RabbitConfig {//rabbitmq三部曲//1、定义交换机@Beanpublic FanoutExchange fanoutExchange() {return new FanoutExchange("exchange.fanout");}//2、定义队列@Beanpublic Queue queueA() {return new Queue("queue.fanout.a");}@Beanpublic Queue queueB() {return new Queue("queue.fanout.b");}//3、绑定交换机何队列@Beanpublic Binding bingingA(FanoutExchange fanoutExchange, Queue queueA) {//将队列A绑定到扇形交换机return BindingBuilder.bind(queueA).to(fanoutExchange);}@Beanpublic Binding bingingB(FanoutExchange fanoutExchange, Queue queueB) {//将队列B绑定到扇形交换机return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(fanoutExchange);}
}

2、生产者

package com.power.service;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.Date;@Component
@Slf4j
public class MessageService {@Resourceprivate RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;public void sendMsg() {//定义要发送的消息String msg = "hello world";Message message = new Message(msg.getBytes());rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("exchange.fanout", "", message);log.info("消息发送完毕，发送时间为：" + new Date());}
}

2、启动类

package com.power;import com.power.service.MessageService;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationArguments;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import javax.annotation.Resource;@SpringBootApplication
public class FanoutApplication implements ApplicationRunner {@Resourceprivate MessageService messageService;public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(FanoutApplication.class,args);}/*** 程序一启动就运行该方法** @param args* @throws Exception*/@Overridepublic void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {messageService.sendMsg();}
}

4、配置文件application.yml

server:port: 8080spring:application:name: fanout-learnrabbitmq:host: 你的RabbitMQ服务器主机IP #rabbitmq的主机port: 5672username: 登录账号password: 登录密码virtual-host: power #虚拟主机

5、项目配置文件pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.power</groupId><artifactId>rabbit_01_fanout</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><properties><project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding><maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source><maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target></properties><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.6.13</version><relativePath/></parent><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>1.18.24</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId></plugin></plugins></build></project>

2.1.2.2、消费者

1、消费者

package com.power.message;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Component
@Slf4j
public class ReceiveMessage {//接收两个队列的消息@RabbitListener(queues = {"queue.fanout.a","queue.fanout.b"})public void receiveMsg(Message message){byte[] body = message.getBody();String msg = new String(body);log.info("接收到的消息为："+msg);}
}

2、配置文件application.yml

server:port: 9090spring:application:name: receive-msgrabbitmq:host: 你的RabbitMQ服务器主机IP #rabbitmq的主机port: 5672username: 登录账号password: 登录密码virtual-host: power #虚拟主机

3、配置文件pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.power</groupId><artifactId>rabbit_01_receiveMessage</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.6.13</version><relativePath/></parent><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>1.18.24</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId></plugin></plugins></build></project>

4、启动类

package com.power;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;@SpringBootApplication
public class ReceiveFanoutMsgApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(ReceiveFanoutMsgApplication.class,args);}
}

2.1.2.3、测试

先启动生产者：

再启动消费者：

消费者启动会会一直监听

2.2、Direct Exchange（直连）

2.2.1、介绍

根据路由键精确匹配（一模一样）进行路由消息队列；

2.2.2、示例

2.2.2.1、生产者

1、配置类

package com.power.config;import org.springframework.amqp.core.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration
//@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my")
public class RabbitConfig {//交换机的名字@Value("${my.exchangeName}")private String exchangeName;//队列A的名字@Value("${my.queueAName}")private String queueAName;//队列B的名字@Value("${my.queueBName}")private String queueBName;//1、定义交换机@Beanpublic DirectExchange directExchange() {//使用建造者模式创建return ExchangeBuilder.directExchange(exchangeName).build();}//2、定义队列@Beanpublic Queue queueA() {return QueueBuilder.durable(queueAName).build();}@Beanpublic Queue queueB() {return QueueBuilder.durable(queueBName).build();}//3、交换机和队列A进行绑定@Beanpublic Binding bindingA(DirectExchange directExchange, Queue queueA) {return BindingBuilder.bind(queueA).to(directExchange).with("error");}//交换机和队列B进行绑定@Beanpublic Binding bindingB1(DirectExchange directExchange, Queue queueB) {return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(directExchange).with("error");}@Beanpublic Binding bindingB2(DirectExchange directExchange, Queue queueB) {return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(directExchange).with("info");}@Beanpublic Binding bindingB3(DirectExchange directExchange, Queue queueB) {return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(directExchange).with("warning");}}

2、发送消息

package com.power.service;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessageBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.Date;@Service
@Slf4j
public class MessageService {@Resourceprivate RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;@Beanpublic void sendMsg() {//使用建造者模式创建消息Message message = MessageBuilder.withBody("hello world".getBytes()).build();//参数1:交换机   参数2:路由key    参数3:消息rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("exchange.direct", "info", message);log.info("消息发送完毕，发送时间："+new Date());}
}

3、配置文件application.yml

server:port: 8080spring:application:name: receive-msgrabbitmq:host: <你的RqaabitMQ服务器IP> #rabbitmq的主机port: 5672username: 登录名password: 登录密码virtual-host: power #虚拟主机my:exchangeName: exchange.directqueueAName: queue.direct.aqueueBName: queue.direct.b

4、启动类

package com.power;import com.power.service.MessageService;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessageBuilder;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationArguments;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import javax.annotation.Resource;@SpringBootApplication
public class DirectApplication implements ApplicationRunner {@Resourceprivate MessageService messageService;public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(DirectApplication.class, args);}@Overridepublic void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {messageService.sendMsg();}
}

5、配置文件pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.power</groupId><artifactId>rabbit_02_direct</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.6.13</version><relativePath/></parent><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>1.18.24</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId></plugin></plugins></build></project>

2.2.2.2、测试

运行启动类。
登录服务器查看Exchange：

登录服务器查Queues：

2.3、Topic Exchange（主题交换机）

2.3.1 介绍

通配符匹配，相当于模糊匹配；
# 匹配多个单词，用来表示任意数量（零个或多个）单词
* 匹配一个单词（必须有一个，而且只有一个），用.隔开的为一个单词：
beijing.# == beijing.queue.abc, beijing.queue.xyz.xxx
beijing.* == beijing.queue, beijing.xyz

案例：发送时指定的路由键：lazy.orange.rabbit，可以进入上图的那个队列
答：可以进入Q1和Q2队列，其中Q2队列只能进入一条消息

2.3.2 示例

2.3.2.1 配置文件appication.yml

server:port: 8080
spring:application:name: topic-exchangerabbitmq:host: 你的主机IPport: 5672username: 你的管理员账号password: 你的管理员密码virtual-host: powermy:exchangeName: exchange.topicqueueAName: queue.topic.aqueueBName: queue.topic.b

2.3.2.2 配置类RabbitConfig

package com.power.config;import org.springframework.amqp.core.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration
public class RabbitConfig {//交换机的名字@Value("${my.exchangeName}")private String exchangeName;//队列A的名字@Value("${my.queueAName}")private String queueAName;//队列B的名字@Value("${my.queueBName}")private String queueBName;//创建交换机@Beanpublic TopicExchange topicExchange(){return ExchangeBuilder.topicExchange(exchangeName).build();}//创建队列@Beanpublic Queue queueA(){return QueueBuilder.durable(queueAName).build();}@Beanpublic Queue queueB(){return QueueBuilder.durable(queueBName).build();}//创建绑定@Beanpublic Binding bindingA(TopicExchange topicExchange,Queue queueA){return BindingBuilder.bind(queueA).to(topicExchange).with("*.orange.*");}@Beanpublic Binding bindingB1(TopicExchange topicExchange,Queue queueB){return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(topicExchange).with("*.*.rabbit");}@Beanpublic Binding bindingB2(TopicExchange topicExchange,Queue queueB){return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(topicExchange).with("lazy.#");}
}

2.3.2.3 发送消息MessageService

package com.power.service;import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpTemplate;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessageBuilder;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import javax.annotation.Resource;@Service
public class MessageService {@Resourceprivate AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate;public void sendMsg(){Message message = MessageBuilder.withBody("hello world".getBytes()).build();//参数1：交换机，参数2：发送路由key，参数3：消息amqpTemplate.convertAndSend("exchange.topic","hello.world",message);}
}

2.3.2.4 启动类Application

package com.power;import com.power.service.MessageService;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationArguments;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import javax.annotation.Resource;@SpringBootApplication
public class Application implements ApplicationRunner {@Resourceprivate MessageService messageService;public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(Application.class);}@Overridepublic void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {messageService.sendMsg();}
}

2.3.2.5 pom.xml配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.power</groupId><artifactId>rabbit_03_topic</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><name>rabbit_03_topic</name><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.6.13</version><relativePath/></parent><properties><maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source><maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target><project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding></properties><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>1.18.24</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId></plugin></plugins></build></project>

2.3.2.6 测试

2.4、Headers Exchange（头部交换机）

2.4.1、介绍

基于消息内容中的headers属性进行匹配；

2.4.2、示例

2.4.2.1 配置文件appication.yml

server:port: 8080
spring:application:name: topic-exchangerabbitmq:host: 你的服务器IPport: 5672username: 你的账号password: 你的密码virtual-host: powermy:exchangeName: exchange.headersqueueAName: queue.headers.aqueueBName: queue.headers.b

2.4.2.2 配置类RabbitConfig

package com.power.config;import org.springframework.amqp.core.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;@Configuration
public class RabbitConfig {//交换机的名字@Value("${my.exchangeName}")private String exchangeName;//队列A的名字@Value("${my.queueAName}")private String queueAName;//队列B的名字@Value("${my.queueBName}")private String queueBName;//创建交换机@Beanpublic HeadersExchange headersExchange(){return ExchangeBuilder.headersExchange(exchangeName).build();}//创建队列@Beanpublic Queue queueA(){return QueueBuilder.durable(queueAName).build();}@Beanpublic Queue queueB(){return QueueBuilder.durable(queueBName).build();}//创建绑定@Beanpublic Binding bindingA(HeadersExchange headersExchange,Queue queueA){Map<String, Object> headerValues = new HashMap<>();headerValues.put("type","m");headerValues.put("status",1);return BindingBuilder.bind(queueA).to(headersExchange).whereAll(headerValues).match();}@Beanpublic Binding bindingB(HeadersExchange headersExchange,Queue queueB){Map<String, Object> headerValues = new HashMap<>();headerValues.put("type","s");headerValues.put("status",0);return BindingBuilder.bind(queueB).to(headersExchange).whereAll(headerValues).match();}
}

2.4.2.3 发送消息MessageService

package com.power.service;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessageBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessageProperties;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;@Service
@Slf4j
public class MessageService {@Resourceprivate RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;@Value("${my.exchangeName}")private String exchangeName;public void sendMsg(){MessageProperties messageProperties = new MessageProperties();Map<String,Object> headers = new HashMap<>();headers.put("type","s");headers.put("status",0);//设置消息头messageProperties.setHeaders(headers);Message message = MessageBuilder.withBody("hello world".getBytes()).andProperties(messageProperties).build();rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchangeName,"",message);log.info("消息发送完毕");}}

2.4.2.4 启动类Application

package com.power;import com.power.service.MessageService;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationArguments;
import org.springframework.boot.ApplicationRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import javax.annotation.Resource;@SpringBootApplication
public class HeadersExchangeApplication implements ApplicationRunner {@Resourceprivate MessageService messageService;public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(HeadersExchangeApplication.class,args);}@Overridepublic void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {messageService.sendMsg();}
}

2.4.2.5 pom.xml配置文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.power</groupId><artifactId>rabbit_04_headers</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><name>rabbit_04_headers</name><!-- FIXME change it to the project's website --><url>http://www.example.com</url><properties><maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source><maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target><project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding></properties><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.6.13</version><relativePath/></parent><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId><artifactId>lombok</artifactId><version>1.18.24</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId></plugin></plugins></build></project>

2.4.2.6 测试