C++primer第十一章使用类（矢量随机游走实例）
操作符重载
操作符重载(operator overoading)是一种形式的 C++多态。
第8章介绍了C++是如何使用户能够定义多个名称相同但特征标(参数列表)不同的函数的。这被称为函数重载(function overloading)或函数多态(functional polymorphism)，旨在让您能够用同名的函数来完成相同的基本操作，即使这种操作被用于不同的数据类型
实际上，很多 C++(也包括C语言)操作符已经被重载。例如，将*操作符用于地址，将得到存储在这个地址中的值;但将它用于两个数字时，得到的将是它们的乘积。C++根据操作数的数目和类型来决定采用哪种操作。
数组加法
op是将要重载的操作符。例如，operator +()重载+操作符，operator*()重载*操作符。op 必须是有效的 C++操作符，不能虚构一个新的符号。例如，不能有 operator@()这样的函数，因为 C++中没有@操作符。
操作符重载范例
mytime0.h
// mytime0.h-- Time class before operator overloading
#ifndef MYTIMEO H
#define MYTIMEO H
class Time
{
private:int hours;int minutes;public:Time();Time(int h, int m = 0);void AddMin(int m);void AddHr(int h);void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);Time Sum(const Time &t) const;void Show() const;
};
#endifSum()函数的代码。注意参数是引用，但返回类型却不是引用。将参数声明为引用的目的是为了提高效率。如果按值传递Time 对象，代码的功能将相同，但传递引用，速度将更快，使用的内存将更少。
mytime0.cpp
// mytime0.cpp--implement Time methods
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
Time::Time()
{hours = minutes = 0;
}Time::Time(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}void Time::AddMin(int m)
{minutes += m;hours += minutes / 60;minutes %= 60;
}void Time::AddHr(int h)
{hours += h;
}void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}
Time Time::Sum(const Time &t) const
{Time sum;sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;sum.minutes %= 60;return sum;
}
void Time::Show() const
{std::cout << hours << " hours. " << minutes << "minutes";
}usetime0.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
int main()
{using std::cout;using std::endl;Time planning;Time coding(2, 40);Time fixing(5, 55);Time total;cout << "planning time =";planning.Show();cout << endl;cout << "coding time =";coding.Show();cout << endl;cout << "fixing time =";fixing.Show();cout << endl;total = coding.Sum(fixing);cout << "coding.Sum(fixing)=";total.Show();return 0;
}
添加加法操作符
将 Time 类转换为重载的加法操作符很容易，只要将 Sum()的名称改为 operator+()即可。这样做是对的，只要把操作符(这里为+)放到operator的后面，并将结果用作方法名即可。在这里，可以在标识符中使用字母、数字或下划线之外的其他字符。
mytime1.h
// mytime0.h-- Time class before operator overloading
#ifndef MYTIMEO H
#define MYTIMEO H
class Time
{
private:int hours;int minutes;public:Time();Time(int h, int m = 0);void AddMin(int m);void AddHr(int h);void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);// Time Sum(const Time &t) const;Time operator+(const Time &t) const;void Show() const;
};
#endifmytime1.cpp
// mytime0.cpp--implement Time methods
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
Time::Time()
{hours = minutes = 0;
}Time::Time(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}void Time::AddMin(int m)
{minutes += m;hours += minutes / 60;minutes %= 60;
}void Time::AddHr(int h)
{hours += h;
}void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}
Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const
{Time sum;sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;sum.minutes %= 60;return sum;
}
void Time::Show() const
{std::cout << hours << " hours. " << minutes << "minutes";
}usetime1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
int main()
{using std::cout;using std::endl;Time planning;Time coding(2, 40);Time fixing(5, 55);Time total;cout << "planning time =";planning.Show();cout << endl;cout << "coding time =";coding.Show();cout << endl;cout << "fixing time =";fixing.Show();cout << endl;total = coding + fixing;cout << "coding + fixing=";total.Show();cout << endl;Time morefixing(3, 28);cout << "more fixing time = ";morefixing.Show();cout << endl;total = morefixing.operator+(total); // function notationcout << "morefixing.operator+(total)=";total.Show();cout << endl;return 0;
}
重载限制
重载的操作符(有些例外情况)不必是成员函数，但必须至少有一个操作数是用户定义的类型
其他重载操作符
时间的减和乘
mytime2.h
// mytime0.h-- Time class before operator overloading
#ifndef MYTIMEO H
#define MYTIMEO H
class Time
{
private:int hours;int minutes;public:Time();Time(int h, int m = 0);void AddMin(int m);void AddHr(int h);void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);// Time Sum(const Time &t) const;Time operator+(const Time &t) const;Time operator-(const Time &t) const;Time operator*(double n) const;void Show() const;
};
#endifmytime2.cpp
// mytime0.cpp--implement Time methods
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
Time::Time()
{hours = minutes = 0;
}Time::Time(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}void Time::AddMin(int m)
{minutes += m;hours += minutes / 60;minutes %= 60;
}void Time::AddHr(int h)
{hours += h;
}void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}
Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const
{Time sum;sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;sum.minutes %= 60;return sum;
}
Time Time::operator-(const Time &t) const
{Time diff;int tot1, tot2;tot1 = t.minutes + 60 * t.hours;tot2 = minutes + 60 * hours;diff.minutes = (tot2 - tot1) % 60;diff.hours = (tot2 - tot1) / 60;return diff;
}
Time Time::operator*(double mult) const
{Time result;long totalminutes = (minutes + 60 * hours) * mult;result.minutes = totalminutes % 60;result.hours = totalminutes / 60;return result;
}
void Time::Show() const
{std::cout << hours << " hours. " << minutes << "minutes";
}usetime2.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
int main()
{using std::cout;using std::endl;Time weeding(4, 35);Time waxing(2, 47);Time total;Time diff;Time adjusted;cout << "weeding time =";weeding.Show();cout << endl;cout << "waxing time =";waxing.Show();cout << endl;cout << "total time =";total = weeding + waxing;cout << "coding + fixing=";total.Show();cout << endl;diff = weeding - waxing;cout << "coding - fixing=";diff.Show();cout << endl;adjusted = total * 1.5;cout << "Adjusted work time = ";total.Show();cout << endl;return 0;
}
友元简介
C++控制对类对象私有部分的访问。通常，公有类方法提供惟一的访问途径，但是有时候这种限制太严格，以致上不适合特定的编程问题。在这种情况下，C++提供了另外一种形式的访问权限:
友元。
友元有三种：
介绍如何成为友元之前，先介绍为何需要友元。在为类重载一元操作符时(带两个参数的操作符)常常需要友元。将Time对象乘以实数就属于这种情况
从概念上说，2.75*B应与 B*2.75 相同，但第一个表达式不对应于成员函数，因为 2.75 不是 Time 类型的对象。记住，左侧的操作数应是调用对象，但2.75不是对象。因此，编译器不能使用成员函数调用来替换该表达式。
决这个难题的一种方式是，告知每个人(包括程序员自己)，只能按B*2.75 这种格式编写，不能写成 2.75*B。这是一种对服务器友好-客户警惕的(server-ffiendly,client-beware)解决方案,与OOP无关。
（无法直接访问B中的内容）
创建友元
创建友元函数的第是将其原型放在类声明中，并在原型声明前加上关键字friend
第二步是编写函数定义。因为它不是成员函数，所以不要使用Time:限定符。另外，不要在定义中使用关键字 friend，定义应该如下:
常用的友元：重载<<操作符
之所以可以这样做，是因为<<是可被重载的 C++操作符之一
前面讲过，cout 是一个 ostream 对象，它是智能的，能够识别所有的 C++基本类型。这是因为对于每种基本类型，ostream类声明中都包含了相应的重载的 operator<<()定义
因此，要使 cout 能够识别 Time 对象，一种方法是将一个新的函数操作符定义添加到 ostream 类声明中。但修改iostream 文件是个危险的主意，这样做会在标准接口上浪费时间。更好的办法是，通过Time类声明来让 Time 类知道如何使用 cout
<<第一种重载版本
司用 cout<<trip 应使用cout对象本身，而不是它的拷贝，因此该函数按引用(而不是按值)来传递该对象。这样，表达式 cout<<trip 将导致 os 成为 cout 的一个别名;而表达式 cenr <<trip 将导致 os 成为 cen
的一个别名。Time对象可以按值或按引用来传递，因为这两种形式都使函数能够使用对象的值。按引用传递使用的内存和时间都比按值传递少。
<<第二种重载版本
问题：
例如
修改方法
调用os类的引用所以
特别的
头文件
// mytime0.h-- Time class before operator overloading
#ifndef MYTIME0_H_
#define MYTIME0_H_
class Time
{
private:int hours;int minutes;public:Time();Time(int h, int m = 0);void AddMin(int m);void AddHr(int h);void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);// Time Sum(const Time &t) const;Time operator+(const Time &t) const;Time operator-(const Time &t) const;Time operator*(double n) const;friend Time operator*(double m, const Time &t){return t * m;} // inline definitionfriend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Time &t);
};
#endif其中包括 operator*()和 operator<<()这两个友元函数。它将第-个友元函数作为内联函数,因为其代码很短(当定义同时也是原型时,就像这个例子中那样,要使用 fiend前缀)。
源代码
// mytime0.cpp--implement Time methods
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
Time::Time()
{hours = minutes = 0;
}Time::Time(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}void Time::AddMin(int m)
{minutes += m;hours += minutes / 60;minutes %= 60;
}void Time::AddHr(int h)
{hours += h;
}void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{hours = h;minutes = m;
}
Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const
{Time sum;sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;sum.minutes %= 60;return sum;
}
Time Time::operator-(const Time &t) const
{Time diff;int tot1, tot2;tot1 = t.minutes + 60 * t.hours;tot2 = minutes + 60 * hours;diff.minutes = (tot2 - tot1) % 60;diff.hours = (tot2 - tot1) / 60;return diff;
}
Time Time::operator*(double mult) const
{Time result;long totalminutes = (minutes + 60 * hours) * mult;result.minutes = totalminutes % 60;result.hours = totalminutes / 60;return result;
}
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Time &t)
{os << t.hours << " hours, " << t.minutes << " minutes";return os;
}源代码
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
int main()
{using std::cout;using std::endl;Time aida(3, 35);Time tosca(2, 48);Time temp;cout << "Aida and Tosca:\n";cout << aida << ";" << tosca << endl;temp = aida + tosca; // operator+()cout << "Aida + Tosca:" << temp << endl;temp = aida * 1.17; // member operator*()cout << "Aida*l.17:" << temp << endl;cout << "10*Tosca:" << 10 * tosca << endl;return 0;
}
重载操作符：作为成员函数还是非成员函数
两种加法操作符
对于两种加法
定义操作符时候只能使用其中一种格式，不然会产生歧义。
重载：矢量类
头文件
// vect.h--Vector class with<<,mode state
#ifndef VECTOR_H_
#define VECTOR_H_
#include <iostream>
namespace VECTOR
{class Vector{private:double x;double y;double mag;char mode;double ang;void set_mag();void set_ang();void set_x();void set_y();public:Vector();Vector(double nl, double n2, char form = 'r');void set(double nl, double n2, char form = 'r');~Vector();double xval() const { return x; } // report x valuedouble yval() const { return y; } // report y valuedouble magval() const { return mag; } // report magnitudedouble angval() const { return ang; } // report anglevoid polar_mode();void rect_mode(); // operator overloadingVector operator+(const Vector &b) const;Vector operator-(const Vector &b) const;Vector operator-() const;Vector operator*(double n) const;friend Vector operator*(double n, const Vector &a);friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Vector &v);};} // end namespace VECTOR
#endif源代码
// vector.cpp --methods for Vector class
#include <cmath>
#include "vector.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::atan2;
using std::cos;
using std::cout;
using std::sin;
namespace VECTOR
{const double Rad_to_deg = 57.2957795130823;// private methods// calculates magnitude from x and yvoid Vector::set_mag(){mag = sqrt(x * x + y * y);}void Vector::set_ang(){if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0)ang = 0.0;elseang = atan2(y, x);}// set xfrom polar coordinatevoid Vector::set_x(){x = mag * cos(ang);}// set y from polar coordinatevoid Vector::set_y(){y = mag * sin(ang);}// public methodsVector::Vector() // default constructor{x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;mode = 'r';}Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, char form){mode = form;if (form == 'r'){x = n1;y = n2;set_mag();set_ang();}else if (form == 'p'){mag = n1;ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;set_x();set_y();}else{cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector()-- ";cout << "vector set to 0\n";x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;mode = 'r';}}// set vector from rectangular coordinates if form is r(the// default)or else from polar coordinates if form is pvoid Vector::set(double n1, double n2, char form){mode = form;if (form == 'r'){x = n1;y = n2;set_mag();set_ang();}else if (form == 'p'){mag = n1;ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;set_x();set_y();}else{cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector()-- ";cout << "vector set to 0\n";x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;mode = 'r';}}Vector::~Vector(){} // destructorvoid Vector::polar_mode() // set to polar mode{mode = 'p';}void Vector::rect_mode() // set to rectangular mode{mode = 'r';}// operator overloading// add two VectorsVector Vector::operator+(const Vector &b) const{return Vector(x + b.x, y + b.y);}// subtract Vector b from aVector Vector::operator-(const Vector &b) const{return Vector(x - b.x, y - b.y);}// reverse sign of VectorVector Vector::operator-() const{return Vector(-x, -y);}// multiple vector by nVector Vector::operator*(double n) const{return Vector(n * x, n * y);}// friend methods// multiply n byVector aVector operator*(double n, const Vector &a){return a * n;}// display rectangular coordinates if mode is r// else display polar coordinates if mode is pstd::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Vector &v){if (v.mode == 'r'){os << "(x,y)=(" << v.x << "," << v.y << ")";}else if (v.mode == 'p'){os << "(m,a)=(" << v.mag << ","<< v.ang * Rad_to_deg << ")";}elseos << "Vector object mode is invalid";return os;}
} // end namespace VECTOR
使用状态成员
状态成员
为Vector类重载操作符
加法
可以使用的加法（无法使用极坐标）
改进
采用的加法（简单）
乘法
友元内联函数来解决乘法交换顺序的问题
对已重载的操作符进行重载
减法（二元操作符）
取反（一元操作符）
模拟随机游走
// randwalk.cpp-…using the Vector class
// compile with the vect.cpp file
#include <iostream>
// rand(),srand()prototypes// time()prototype
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>
#include "vector.h"
int main()
{using namespace std;using VECTOR::Vector;srand(time(0)); // seed random - number generatordouble direction;Vector step;Vector result(0.0, 0.0);unsigned long steps = 0;double target;double dstep;cout << "Enter target distance(q to quit):";while (cin >> target){cout << "Enter step length:";if (!(cin >> dstep))break;while (result.magval() < target){direction = rand() % 360;step.set(dstep, direction, 'p');result = result + step;steps++;}cout << "After " << steps << " steps, the subject"" has the following location : \n ";cout << result << endl;result.polar_mode();cout << " or\n " << result << endl;cout << " Average outward distance per step = "<< result.magval() / steps << endl;steps = 0;result.set(0.0, 0.0);cout << "Enter target distance(qto quit):";}cout << "Bye!\n";return 0;
}
类的自动转换和强制类型转换
内置类型转换
将一个标准类型变量的值赋给另一种标准类型的变量时，如果这两种类型兼容，则C++自动将这个值转换为接收变量的类型。
例如
不兼容的类型不能自动转换
但是可以进行强制类型转换
类的转换
可以将类定义成与基本类型或另一个类相关，使得从一种类型转换为另一种类型是有意义的。
stonewt.h
// stonewt.h --definition forStonewtCass
#ifndef STONEWT_H_
#define STONEWT_H_
class Stonewt
{
private:enum{Lbs_per_stn = 14}; // pounds per stoneint stone; // whole stonesdouble pds_left; // fractional poundsdouble pounds; // entire weight in poundspublic:Stonewt(double lbs); // constructor for double poundsStonewt(int stn, double lbs); // constructor for stone,1bsStonewt(); // default constructor~Stonewt();void show_lbs() const;// show weight in pounds formatvoid show_stn() const;// show weight in stone format}
};#endif
源文件
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "stonewt.h"
// construct Stonewt object from double value
Stonewt::Stonewt(double lbs)
{stone = int(lbs) / Lbs_per_stn; // integer divisionpds_left = int(lbs) % Lbs_per_stn + lbs - int(lbs);pounds = lbs;
}// construct Stonewt obiect from stone,double values
Stonewt::Stonewt(int stn, double lbs)
{stone = stn;pds_left = lbs;pounds = stn * Lbs_per_stn + lbs;
}Stonewt::Stonewt() // default constructor,wt=0
{stone = pounds = pds_left = 0;
}Stonewt::~Stonewt()
// destructor
{
}
// show weight in stones
void Stonewt::show_stn() const
{cout<< stone << "stone," << pds_left << "pounds\n";
}
// show weight in pounds
void Stonewt::show_lbs() const
{cout << pounds << "pounds\n";
}
对于函数
接受两个参数的不可以不能作为转换函数
避免意外的类型转换
最新的C++实现新增了一个关键字(explicit)，用来关闭这种自动特性。也就是说，可以这样声明构造函数:
但是仍可以进行显示强制类型转换
隐式转换
不发生歧义下，会进行二步转换
下面两条语句都首先将int转换为double，然后使用 Stonewt(double)构造函数。
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "stonewt.h"
void display(const Stonewt &st, int n);
int main()
{Stonewt pavarotti = 260; // uses constructor to initializeStonewt wolfe(285.7); // same as Stonewt wolfe =285.7Stonewt taft(21.8);cout << "The tenor weighed ";pavarotti.show_stn();cout << "The detective weighed ";wolfe.show_stn();cout << "The President weighed ";taft.show_lbs();pavarotti = 265.8;// uses constructor for conversiontaft = 325; // same as taft= Stonewt(325);cout << "After dinner,the tenor weighed ";pavarotti.show_stn();cout << "After dinner,the President weighed ";taft.show_lbs();display(taft, 2);cout << "The wrestler weighed even more,\n";display(422, 2);cout << "No stone left unearned\n";return 0;
}void display(const Stonewt &st, int n)
{for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){cout << "Wow!";st.show_stn();}
}
二步转换
转换函数
如果定义了转换函数下列就是可行的
转换函数声明
更改上述代码
// stonewt.h --definition forStonewtCass
#ifndef STONEWT_H_
#define STONEWT_H_
class Stonewt
{
private:enum{Lbs_per_stn = 14}; // pounds per stoneint stone; // whole stonesdouble pds_left; // fractional poundsdouble pounds; // entire weight in poundspublic:Stonewt(double lbs); // constructor for double poundsStonewt(int stn, double lbs); // constructor for stone,1bsStonewt(); // default constructor~Stonewt();void show_lbs() const;// show weight in pounds formatvoid show_stn() const;// show weight in stone format}// conversion functionsoperator int() const;operator double() const;
};#endif源文件
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "stonewt.h"
// construct Stonewt object from double value
Stonewt::Stonewt(double lbs)
{stone = int(lbs) / Lbs_per_stn; // integer divisionpds_left = int(lbs) % Lbs_per_stn + lbs - int(lbs);pounds = lbs;
}// construct Stonewt obiect from stone,double values
Stonewt::Stonewt(int stn, double lbs)
{stone = stn;pds_left = lbs;pounds = stn * Lbs_per_stn + lbs;
}Stonewt::Stonewt() // default constructor,wt=0
{stone = pounds = pds_left = 0;
}Stonewt::~Stonewt()
// destructor
{
}
// show weight in stones
void Stonewt::show_stn() const
{cout<< stone << "stone," << pds_left << "pounds\n";
}
// show weight in pounds
void Stonewt::show_lbs() const
{cout << pounds << "pounds\n";
}Stonewt::operator double() const
{return pounds;
}
Stonewt::operator int() const
{return int(pounds + 0.5);
}源文件
#include <iostream>
#include "stonewt.h"
int main()
{using std::cout;Stonewt poppins(9, 2.8); // 9 stone,2.8 poundsdouble p_wt = poppins; // implicit conversioncout << "Convert to double =>";cout << "Poppins:" << p_wt << " pounds.\n";cout << "Convert to int =>";cout << "Poppins:" << int(poppins) << " pounds.\n";return 0;
}
最好使用显式转换，而避免隐式转换。关键字 explicit 不能用于转换函数，但只需用一个功能相同的非转换函数替换该转换数即可，但仅在被显式地调用时，该函数才会执行。也就是说，可以将:
转换函数和友元函数
重载加法的两种方式
成员函数
友元函数
下列合理
进行状态转换
只有友元函数允许
原因：
