Linux网络编程--Udp套接字+实战 (万字详解，超详细！！)
目录
套接字协议：
协议(protocol)：
创建套接字(Create Socket):
绑定服务器地址
开始通信
Udp服务器设计--V1
Udp服务器设计--V2 引入进程池 待更新
套接字协议：
协议(protocol)：
如果2个距离很远的人想要进行交流，首先要决定的就是"我们该用什么工具来进行通话?" ：写信？手机？还是电脑？首先明确一点：能成功通信的双方一定是达成了某种共识的！如：2个人都是用网络进行通信，或者都是用书信交流，不可能存在一方使用书信，另一方使用手机这种“荒谬”的事情发生；换句话说，协议就是为了完成数据交换而定好的约定!
创建套接字(Create Socket):
在Linux中一切皆文件，使用系统调用socket函数创建返回一个套接字文件描述符(如果成功)
创建失败返回-1，错误码被设置。
函数原型：
使用socket函数需要包含对应头文件；
参数详解：
- domian：套接字中使用的协议族，什么是协议族？说人话就是：番茄炒蛋和番茄炒米（参考卢老爷名言）都是属于用番茄做的菜一类，在套接字中，番茄就是协议族，番茄炒蛋就是协议族的一种类型，在套接字中，协议族常用的就2种：AF_INET和AF_INET6，分别对应ipv4和ipv6
- type：套接字遵守的协议：udp还是tcp，设置为SOCK_DGRAM对应遵守UDP协议，设置为SOCK_STREAM对应遵守TCP协议
- protocol：设置套接字的类型，非阻塞还是阻塞，是否能被子进程继承，设置为SOCK_NONBLOCK表示设置描述符非阻塞,设置SOCK_CLOEXEC表示不能被子进程继承
绑定服务器地址
套接字创建成功后，需要绑定自己的地址信息，使用系统调用的bind函数
函数原型：
参数详解：
- sockfd：之前使用的创建套接字返回的描述符fd
- addr： 需要手动填充的服务器的地址信息，sockaddr本质上c语言的“拟基类”，我们要填充的其实不是sockaddr，而是它的"子类"：struct sockaddr_in，结构体原型：
sin_addr中还有一个成员：s_addr，用于填充要绑定的ip，注意！在云服务器上只能绑定所有地址，即"0.0.0.0"; sin_family:地址族；sin_port：端口号，注意要从本地序列(uint16_t)转换成网络序列，可以使用函数::htons进行转换;sin_zero一般都填充为0即可，所以可以在刚创建出sockaddr_in时使用memset将结构体清零 - addrlen：第二个参数的大小，使用sizeof计算即可
开始通信
UDP套接字较为简单，不需要其他操作，只要bind成功就可以直接进行通信
使用recvfron接收信息，sendto发送信息
Udp服务器设计--V1
目标：实现一个简单的Echo服务器，客户端发送什么info就返回什么样的info
先引入日志Log.hpp：
/*Log.hpp*/#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <mutex>
#include <pthread.h>
#define _SCREEN_TYPE_ 1
#define _FILE_TYPE 2
namespace ns_log
{const std::string DEFAULTSTR = "Log.txt";enum{DEBUG = 1,INFO,WARNING,ERROR,FATAL};struct Logmessage{std::string _level; // 等级pid_t _pid;std::string _filename; // 文件名int _filenumber; // 行号std::string _curr_time; // 获取日志信息出现的时间std::string _logmessage; // 信息};std::string LevelToString(int level){switch (level){case DEBUG:return "DEBUG";break;case INFO:return "INFO";break;case WARNING:return "WARNING";break;case ERROR:return "ERROR";break;case FATAL:return "FATAL";break;default:return "UNKNOW";break;}}std::string GetCurrTime(){time_t now_time = time(nullptr);struct tm *curr_time = localtime(&now_time);// 转换为string格式char buf[128];snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d",curr_time->tm_year + 1900, curr_time->tm_mon + 1, curr_time->tm_mday, curr_time->tm_hour, curr_time->tm_min, curr_time->tm_sec);return buf;}class Log{void LogMsgToScreen(const Logmessage &logmsg){printf("[%s][%d][%s][%d][%s] %s",logmsg._level.c_str(), logmsg._pid, logmsg._filename.c_str(), logmsg._filenumber, logmsg._curr_time.c_str(), logmsg._logmessage.c_str());}void LogMsgToFile(const Logmessage &logmsg){char buf_info[2048] = "\0";snprintf(buf_info, sizeof(buf_info), "[%s][%d][%s][%d][%s] %s",logmsg._level.c_str(), logmsg._pid, logmsg._filename.c_str(), logmsg._filenumber, logmsg._curr_time.c_str(), logmsg._logmessage.c_str());/*--系统调用版本--*/// int fd = open(_logfile.c_str(),O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_APPEND,0666);// if(fd < 0)// {// perror("open");// return;// }// write(fd,buf_info,sizeof(buf_info));/*--c++提供的fstream--*/std::ofstream out;out.open(_logfile, std::ios::out | std::ios::app | std::ios::binary);if (!out.is_open())return;out.write(buf_info, sizeof(buf_info));out.close();}void FlushLogMsg(int level, const Logmessage &logmsg){// c++11的锁// _mutex.lock();// RAII类型的锁std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);if (_isopen && level == DEBUG)return;switch (_type){case _SCREEN_TYPE_:LogMsgToScreen(logmsg);break;case _FILE_TYPE:LogMsgToFile(logmsg);break;}}public:Log(const std::string &logfile = DEFAULTSTR) : _logfile(logfile), _type(_SCREEN_TYPE_){}void ModPrintFormat(int type){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);_type = type;}void LogMessage(int level, std::string filename, int filenumber, const char *format, ...) // 注意-->可变函数参数{Logmessage msg;msg._level = LevelToString(level);msg._filename = filename;msg._pid = getpid();msg._filenumber = filenumber;msg._curr_time = GetCurrTime();// 注意：取出可变参数的固定写法va_list _ap; // 创建变量,本质是一个指针va_start(_ap, format); // 将参数列表中离...最近的确定的参数传入char log_info[512];vsnprintf(log_info, sizeof(log_info), format, _ap);va_end(_ap); // 销毁_apmsg._logmessage = log_info;FlushLogMsg(level, msg);}~Log(){}void EnableFiltration(bool flag){_isopen = flag;}private:int _type;std::string _logfile;std::mutex _mtx;bool _isopen = false;};Log lg;
// 打开过滤器
#define EnabelFILTRATION() \do \{ \lg.EnableFiltration(true); \} while (0)
// 关闭过滤器
#define ClOSEFILTRATION \do \{ \lg.EnableFiltration(false); \} while (0)
#define LOG(level, format, ...) \do \{ \lg.LogMessage(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__); \} while (0)#define LOGTOSCREEN(level, format, ...) \do \{ \lg.ModPrintFormat(_SCREEN_TYPE_); \lg.LogMessage(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__); \} while (0)#define LOGTOFILE(level) \do \{ \lg.ModPrintFormat(_FILE_TYPE); \} while (0)}引入日志后，正式开始编写V1版本echo服务器：
V1--Udp_Server：
根据上文的udp套接字接口介绍，下面就直接上代码：
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <functional>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include "Log.hpp"
using namespace ns_log;
#define MAX_BUFFER_SIZE 4096
// Udp--无连接|不可靠|高性能|广播
// 云服务器bind--->0.0.0.0
/*这是一个echo服务器*/
class UdpServer
{
private:int _sockfd;uint16_t _port;bool _isrunning;
public:UdpServer(uint16_t port) : _port(port), _isrunning(false){_sockfd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);if (_sockfd < 0){LOG(FATAL, "create socketfd failed!\n");abort();}LOG(DEBUG, "---create sockfd succsee,sockfd = %d---\n", _sockfd);// bindstruct sockaddr_in addr;memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));addr.sin_family = AF_INET;addr.sin_port = ::htons(_port); // 本地序列转网络序列// bind任意ipaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;//INADDR_ANY--表示bind任意地址"0.0.0.0"int res = ::bind(_sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));if (res < 0){LOG(FATAL, "server bind error!\n");abort();}LOG(DEBUG, "server bind success!\n");}void Start(){_isrunning = true;while (_isrunning){char buff[MAX_BUFFER_SIZE];// 接收信息struct sockaddr_in peer;memset(&peer, 0, sizeof(peer));socklen_t len = sizeof(peer);ssize_t n = ::recvfrom(_sockfd, buff, sizeof(buff) - 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&peer, &len);if (n > 0){buff[n] = 0;LOG(INFO, "client info#: %s\n", buff);// 发送std::string info = "[server][info]# ";info += buff;ssize_t n = ::sendto(_sockfd, info.c_str(), info.size(), 0,(struct sockaddr *)&peer, len);}else {if(n == 0) continue;if(n < 0){LOG(ERROR,"recv error!\n");break;}}}}void Close(){if(_sockfd > 0) ::close(_sockfd);}void Stop(){_isrunning = false;}~UdpServer(){}
};编写客户端代码：client.cc
对于客户端来说，需要bind要连接的服务器的ip地址和端口号，不能bind任意地址了
实现：
#include "Udp_Server.hpp"bool Usage(int argc, char *argv[])
{if (argc != 3){LOG(ERROR, "Usage:<./exe> <ip> <port>\n");return false;}return true;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{if (!Usage(argc, argv))return -1;std::string ip = argv[1];uint16_t port = atoi(argv[2]);int sockfd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);if (sockfd < 0){LOG(FATAL, "Create socket error!\n");return -2;}struct sockaddr_in server;// 将结构体清零memset(&server, 0, sizeof(server));server.sin_family = AF_INET;::inet_pton(AF_INET, ip.c_str(), &server.sin_addr.s_addr);server.sin_port = ::htons(port);while(true){std::string buffer;std::getline(std::cin,buffer);ssize_t n = ::sendto(sockfd,buffer.c_str(),buffer.size(),0,(struct sockaddr*)&server,sizeof(server));//接收信息char recvbuff[1024];struct sockaddr_in client;memset(&client,0,sizeof(client));socklen_t len = sizeof(client);n = ::recvfrom(sockfd,recvbuff,sizeof(recvbuff)-1,0,(struct sockaddr*)&client,&len);if(n > 0){recvbuff[n] = 0;LOG(INFO,"%s\n",recvbuff);continue;}else{if(n == 0) continue;if(n < 0){LOG(ERROR,"client recv error!\n");break;}}}return 0;
}编写serevr.cc
#include"Udp_Server.hpp"
#include<memory>
bool Usage(int argc, char *argv[])
{if (argc != 2){LOG(ERROR, "Usage:<./exe> <port>\n");return false;}return true;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{if (!Usage(argc, argv))return -1;uint16_t port = atoi(argv[1]);std::unique_ptr<UdpServer> server = std::make_unique<UdpServer>(port);server->Start();server->Stop();server->Close();
}编写Makefile：
.PHONY:ALL
ALL:server client
server:server.ccg++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++14
client:client.ccg++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++14 .PHONY:clean
clean:rm -f server clientmake编译即可；
Udp服务器设计--V2 引入线程池 --在线群聊服务器实现
设计图：
Udp_Server模块只负责进行IO!
Udp_Server.hpp:
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <functional>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include "Log.hpp"
#include "Inetaddr.hpp"
#include "Route.hpp"
using namespace ns_log;
#define MAX_BUFFER_SIZE 4096class nocopy
{
public:nocopy(){}~nocopy(){}nocopy(const nocopy&) = delete;const nocopy& operator=(const nocopy&) = delete;
};
using server_t = std::function<void(int sockfd, const std::string &info, InetAddr& addr)>;
class UdpServer : public nocopy
{
private:int _sockfd;uint16_t _port;bool _isrunning;server_t _route_call_back;
public:UdpServer(uint16_t port,const server_t& task) : _port(port), _isrunning(false),_route_call_back(task){_sockfd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);if (_sockfd < 0){LOG(FATAL, "---create socketfd failed !----\n");abort();}LOG(DEBUG, "---create sockfd succsee,sockfd = %d---\n", _sockfd);// bindstruct sockaddr_in addr;memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));addr.sin_family = AF_INET;addr.sin_port = ::htons(_port); // 本地序列转网络序列// bind任意ipaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;//INADDR_ANY--表示bind任意地址"0.0.0.0"int res = ::bind(_sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));if (res < 0){LOG(FATAL, "server bind error!\n");abort();}LOG(DEBUG, "server bind success!\n");}void Start(){_isrunning = true;while (_isrunning){char buff[MAX_BUFFER_SIZE];// 接收信息struct sockaddr_in peer;socklen_t len = sizeof(peer);ssize_t n = ::recvfrom(_sockfd, buff, sizeof(buff) - 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&peer, &len);if (n > 0){buff[n] = 0;InetAddr addr(peer);std::cout<<addr.GetInetAddrStr()<<"#: "<<buff<<std::endl;//回调进行处理_route_call_back(_sockfd,buff,addr);}else {LOG(ERROR,"recv error!\n");}}}void Close(){if(_sockfd > 0) ::close(_sockfd);}void Stop(){_isrunning = false;}~UdpServer(){}
};引入线程池（同步线程池)--并使用双重检查锁定模式构造单例线程池对象
ThreadPool.hpp：
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <functional>
#include <vector>
#include <mutex>
#include <queue>
#include <thread>
#include <memory>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "Log.hpp"
const int default_thread_num = 10;
using namespace ns_log;template <class T>
class ThreadPool
{
private:// 任务队列std::queue<T> _task_queue;// 锁std::mutex _mtx;// 条件变量std::condition_variable _con;// 管理线程的结构std::vector<std::thread> _threads;bool _isrunning;// 睡眠的线程数量int _sleep_threads;int _threadsNums;static ThreadPool<T>* _pool; static std::mutex _mutex;
private:void HandlerTask(){while (true){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);while (_task_queue.empty() && _isrunning){_con.wait(lock);// _sleep_threads--;break;}if ((!_isrunning) && _task_queue.empty()){lock.unlock();LOG(DEBUG, "thread pool is quit!\n");break;}T task = _task_queue.front();_task_queue.pop();lock.unlock();task();}}public:static ThreadPool<T>* GetThreadPoolInstance(int threadnum = default_thread_num){//双重检查锁定模式if(_pool == nullptr){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mutex);if(_pool == nullptr)_pool = new ThreadPool<T>(threadnum);}return _pool;}ThreadPool(int threadnum): _isrunning(true),_sleep_threads(threadnum),_threadsNums(default_thread_num){for (int i = 0; i < _threadsNums; i++){_threads.emplace_back(std::bind(&ThreadPool::HandlerTask,this));}}//向任务队列插入任务void Push(const T &task){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);_task_queue.push(task);LOG(DEBUG,"Load once Task!,队列中的任务数量:%d\n",_task_queue.size());// 有任务立即通知消费者_con.notify_one();}//停止线程池void Stop(){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);_isrunning = false;_con.notify_all();}~ThreadPool(){for(auto& thread : _threads){LOG(DEBUG,"thread join done!\n");thread.join();}}};//类外初始化
template<class T>
ThreadPool<T>* ThreadPool<T>::_pool = nullptr;
template<class T>
std::mutex ThreadPool<T>::_mutex;消息转发模块设计：Route.hpp：
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <functional>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include "InetAddr.hpp"
#include "Log.hpp"
#include "ThreadPool.hpp"
using namespace ns_log;
using task_t = std::function<void()>;
class Route
{
private:// 在线用户std::vector<InetAddr> _online;std::mutex _mtx;public:Route(){}~Route(){}// 添加用户模块void CheckOnlineUser(InetAddr &who){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);for (auto &user : _online){if (user == who){return;}}_online.push_back(who);LOG(INFO, "用户[%s][%d]已上线!\n", who.IP().c_str(), who.Port());}// 移除下线用户模块void DeleteOnlineUser(InetAddr &who){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);auto iter = _online.begin();while (iter != _online.end()){if (*iter == who){_online.erase(iter);printf("用户[%s][%d]已下线!\n", who.IP().c_str(), who.Port());break;}++iter;}}void ForWard(int sockfd, const std::string info, InetAddr& addr){std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_mtx);// 转发信息--观察者模式std::string message = addr.GetInetAddrStr() + info;for (auto &user : _online){struct sockaddr_in peer = user.GetAddr();// std::cout<<"message = "<<message<<"sockfd = "<<sockfd<<std::endl;ssize_t n = ::sendto(sockfd, message.c_str(), message.size(), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&(peer), sizeof(peer));if (n < 0)LOG(ERROR, "send error!,address = %s\n", addr.GetInetAddrStr().c_str());std::cout<<strerror(errno)<<std::endl;}}void RouteHandler(int sockfd, const std::string &info, InetAddr &who){CheckOnlineUser(who);task_t task;if (info == "Q" || info == "quit" || info == "q"){DeleteOnlineUser(who);std::string str = who.GetInetAddrStr();str += "已下线!\n";task = std::bind(&Route::ForWard, this, sockfd, str, who);}else{task = std::bind(&Route::ForWard, this, sockfd, info, who);}ThreadPool<task_t>::GetThreadPoolInstance()->Push(task);}
};server.cc：
#include "ThreadPool.hpp"
#include "udp_server.hpp"
#include "Route.hpp"
#include <memory>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{if (argc != 2){LOG(INFO, "Usage: <./exe><port>\n");return -1;}uint16_t port = atoi(argv[1]);Route ro;// 业务todostd::unique_ptr<UdpServer> server = std::make_unique<UdpServer>(port,std::bind(&Route::RouteHandler,&ro,std::placeholders::_1,std::placeholders::_2,std::placeholders::_3));server->Start();server->Close();return 0;
}client.cc：
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <functional>
#include <cstring>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include "udp_server.hpp"
#include "Log.hpp"
#include "ThreadPool.hpp"
#include "Route.hpp"int InitClient()
{int sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);if (sockfd < 0){LOG(FATAL, "create socket errno!\n");exit(-1);}return sockfd;
}
void RecvMessage(int sockfd)
{while (true){struct sockaddr_in peer;char buf[1024];socklen_t len = sizeof(peer);ssize_t n = ::recvfrom(sockfd, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)(&peer), &len);if (n > 0){buf[n] = 0;InetAddr who(peer);std::cout <<who.GetInetAddrStr()<<buf << std::endl;}else{std::cerr << "recvfrom error!\n"<< std::endl;break;}}
}
void SendMessage(int sockfd, std::string &ip, uint16_t port)
{struct sockaddr_in src;memset(&src, 0, sizeof(src));src.sin_family = AF_INET;src.sin_addr.s_addr = ::inet_addr(ip.c_str());src.sin_port = ::htons(port);std::string client_prev = "SendThread# ";while (true){std::string line;std::cout << client_prev;std::getline(std::cin, line);// send message;int n = sendto(sockfd, line.c_str(), line.size(), 0, (struct sockaddr *)(&src), sizeof(src));if (n <= 0){std::cerr << "sendthread send error! \n"<< std::endl;break;}}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{if (argc != 3){std::cerr << "usage 3 nums_command-->[./name ip port]" << std::endl;exit(-1);}int sockfd = InitClient();std::string s_ip = argv[1];uint16_t port = std::stoi(argv[2]);// start threadsstd::thread recever(std::bind(&RecvMessage, sockfd));std::thread Sender(std::bind(&SendMessage, sockfd, s_ip, port));recever.join();Sender.join();::close(sockfd);return 0;
}Makefile：
.PHONY:ALL
ALL:server client
server:server.ccg++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++14 -lpthread -g
client:Client.ccg++ -o $@ $^ -std=c++14 -lpthread -g
.PHONY:clean
clean:rm -f server client
make编译即可
done